Article Title: GANGRENOUS MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE: ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT

Gangrenous mastitis represents one of the most severe, life-threatening forms of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle, characterized by an acute inflammatory response that rapidly escalates to tissue ischemia, necrosis, and eventual sloughing of the affected mammary parenchyma. Driven primarily by opportunistic bacterial pathogens and their potent exotoxins or endotoxins, the condition carries a guarded prognosis, posing a significant threat to animal welfare, herd longevity, and dairy economics. This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and evidence-based medical and surgical management strategies required to optimize clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Gangrenous Mastitis in Dairy Cattle